航天发射台在高温火焰冲刷、腐蚀性气体及剧烈热冲击等极端工况下服役，对防护涂层提出了严苛要求。然而，传统涂层体系普遍存在常温固化性能不足、高温易开裂以及性能快速衰减等问题，严重制约其工程应用。本研究以硅酸钠为粘结剂、聚磷酸铝为常温固化剂，构建了一种水性无机耐火涂层体系。通过引入MgO晶须、纳米SiC/Al₂O₃填料及SiO₂–ZrO₂气凝胶相，实现了协同增韧、热稳定性提升与隔热性能优化；同时，采用酸改性拟薄水铝石以增强界面相容性并改善成膜性能。所得涂层可实现完全常温固化，具有优异的附着力（0级）、较高硬度（4H）、较低导热系数（0.08 W·m^-1·K^-1）以及良好的耐腐蚀性能（盐雾试验超过2000 h）。在1200 °C烧蚀条件下仍能保持结构完整，并可经受（500 °C–室温）反复热冲击而不发生失效。实际工况测试表明，该涂层在发射环境下表现稳定，未出现开裂、剥落或性能劣化现象。本研究为极端高温环境下兼具热学、力学与环境稳定性的无机防护涂层设计提供了一种具有可扩展性的技术策略。
Launch pads operate under extreme conditions involving high-temperature flame impingement, corrosive gases, and severe thermal shock, imposing stringent requirements on protective coatings. However, conventional systems often suffer from limited ambient curability, high-temperature cracking, and rapid performance degradation, hindering their practical applications. Herein, a water-based inorganic refractory coating is developed using sodium silicate as the binder and aluminum polyphosphate as an ambient curing agent. MgO whiskers, nano-SiC /Al₂O₃ fillers, and a SiO₂–ZrO₂ aerogel phase are incorporated to achieve synergistic toughening, thermal stability, and thermal insulation, while an acid-modified boehmite sol enhances interfacial compatibility and film formation. The as-prepared coating exhibits complete ambient curing, strong adhesion (Grade 0), high hardness (4H), low thermal conductivity (0.08 W m^-1 K^-1), and excellent corrosion resistance (>2000 h salt spray). It maintains structural integrity after ablation at 1200 °C and withstands repeated thermal shock (500 °C–RT) without failure. Field tests further confirm stable performance under real launch conditions, with no observable cracking, spallation, or degradation. This work provides a scalable strategy for designing inorganic coatings with integrated thermal, mechanical, and environmental durability for extreme high-temperature applications.
 

耐温防火涂料；常温固化；航天发射台；防腐防护；高温性能